Invasive submerged freshwater macrophytes are more plastic in their response to light intensity than to the availability of free CO2 in air‐equilibrated water

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金鱼藻对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用研究

研究了金鱼藻对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制效应。结果表明：高浓度的金鱼藻种植水抽滤液和植株研磨水提液对铜绿微囊藻的生长有极明显的抑制作用;低浓度则几乎没有抑制作用。同一浓度下,金鱼藻植株研磨液的抑制效应比种植水更为明显,抑制效应持续时间也更长。20℃培养下的金鱼藻,其植株研磨液的抑制效应最明显。高浓度的嫩枝嫩叶部位的金鱼藻植株研磨液对铜绿微囊藻的生长有更明显的抑制作用,低浓度的老茎老叶部位的金鱼藻植株研磨液对其生长则表现出一定的促进作用。     

Effect of Hirschmanniella caudacrena on the Submersed Aquatic Plants Ceratophyllum demersum and Hydrilla verticillata

In vitro pathogenicity tests demonstrated that Hirschmanniella caudacrena is pathogenic to Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail). Symptoms were chlorotic tissue, deformed stems, and, finally, death of the plant. Inoculum densities of 500 nematodes per 5-cm-long cutting in a test tube containing 50 ml of water resulted in death and decay of some of the cuttings within 8 weeks; 100 nematodes killed the plants in 12 weeks, and 50 and 25 nematodes killed them in 16 weeks. The lowest inoculum level of 10 nematodes did not seriously affect the plants at 16 weeks when the experiment was terminated. A second test conducted outdoors in glass jars containing 3 liters of water and two cuttings weighing a total of 15 g fresh weight showed damage, but results were not statistically significant. Hydrilla verticillata inoculated with H. caudacrena was not affected seriously.     

除草剂对水生植物的生理生态效应

首先研究了常用除草剂对水生植物的生理生态效应。结果表明在 12种除草剂中 ,乙草胺、丁草胺、艾割对紫萍 (Spirodelapolyrhiza (L .) Schleid)、金鱼藻 (Ceratophyllum demersum )生长影响显著。其后进行的丁草胺对金鱼藻生物量及生理生化影响研究表明 :金鱼藻生物量 (干重 )随丁草胺浓度的升高显著下降 ,处理后 16 d,两者呈显著的负相关。丁草胺处理后金鱼藻光合放氧速率明显下降 ,至 16 d,2、4、6、8m g/L处理分别比对照减少 36 .0 2 %、4 1.6 4 %、4 2 .74 %和 4 8.4 3% ;呼吸耗氧速率亦显著下降 ,4、6、8m g/L处理分别比对照下降 2 5 .87%、6 6 .6 4 %、6 7.94 %。呼吸耗氧速率的改变与丁草胺浓度呈极显著的负相关 ;丁草胺处理后金鱼藻叶绿素含量显著下降。谷胱甘肽 - S-转移酶 (GSTs)的变化也与丁草胺处理浓度有关 ,低浓度 (1m g/L )呈现先高后低 ,至 16 d显著低于对照 ,高浓度 (8mg/L )为先低后逐渐恢复。除草剂对水生植物的影响有可能影响整个水生生态系的功能。     

金鱼藻的化学成分

从金鱼藻( Ceratophyllum demersum L .) 全草的乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了其中7 个, 分别为: 苜蓿素-7- O-β- D-葡萄糖苷( 1) , naringenin-7- O-β- D-葡萄糖苷(2 ) , 七叶内酯(3) , β-谷甾醇(4 ) , 7α-羟基-β-谷甾醇(5) , 7α-甲氧基-β-谷甾醇(6) , 十六碳脂肪酸(7) 。化合物(3) 为首次从金鱼藻中分离得到。     

水华蓝藻生物质对沉水植物五刺金鱼藻生长的影响

本文研究了蓝藻水华不同的生物质形式对金鱼藻生长和光合活性的影响,结果表明:蓝藻水华的不同生物质形式均不同程度地促进了金鱼藻的生长。在促进金鱼藻植株的长度增长方面,干燥蓝藻的作用最强,新鲜蓝藻次之,腐烂蓝藻作用最弱,但都比对照增长显著。而在促进金鱼藻植株鲜重增长上,干燥蓝藻和新鲜蓝藻的作用几乎相同,为最为明显的;腐烂蓝藻次之;而对照植株的鲜重先增加后下降。在促进金鱼藻分枝上,新鲜蓝藻的作用最强,干燥蓝藻和腐烂蓝藻次之,对照的分枝随时间也逐渐增加,但是要比经过蓝藻处理的试验组少。测定的叶绿素荧光参数表明,干燥蓝藻处理的金鱼藻的光合活性最高,新鲜蓝藻处理组次之,腐烂蓝藻和对照组最低。实验结果表明,不同水华蓝藻生物质在为金鱼藻提供生长所需的营养(或生长促进物质)之时,也产生了一些抑制因素,抑制了金鱼藻的生长。促进因素和抑制因素的协同作用,最终表现在不同生物质对金鱼藻的生长促进作用的差异性上。     

Phosphorus removal by the Ceratophyllum/periphyton complex in a south Florida (USA) freshwater marsh

Removal of phosphorus (P) by Ceratophyllum demersum L. and associated epiphytic periphyton was quantified by measuring the disappearance of soluble reactive P (SRP) from microcosms during 1-h in situ incubations conducted over a 1-year period. Initial P concentrations in these incubations ranged from 30 to >10,000 μg P L⁻¹. Phosphorus removal was proportional to initial P concentrations and was weakly correlated with solar irradiance and water temperature. Removal rates (0.6–32.8 mg P m⁻² d⁻¹) and k_v coefficients (0.68–1.93 h⁻¹) from experiments run at low initial P concentrations (up to 200 μg P L⁻¹) were comparable to results reported for other macrophytes. Removal rates from experiments run at the highest (>10,000 μg P L⁻¹) initial P concentrations (5300 and 11,100 mg P m⁻² d⁻¹) most likely represented luxury nutrient consumption and were not thought to be sustainable long term. We were unable to determine a V_max for P removal, suggesting that the nutrient-storage capability of the C. demersum/periphyton complex was not saturated during our short-term incubations. Based on N:P molar ratios, the marsh was P limited, while the C. demersum/periphyton complex was either N limited or in balance for N and P throughout this study. However, despite its tissue stoichiometry, the C. demersum/periphyton complex always exhibited an affinity for P. It appeared that the biochemical mechanisms, which mediate P removal, at least on a short-term basis, were more influenced by increases in ambient P levels than by tissue nutrient stoichiometry.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization of aquatic vascular plants and algae in replicated ponds I. Initial response to fertilization

Populations of common submerged vascular plants were established in a series of 18 experimental ponds in 1967 and subjected to a replicated inorganic N-P fertilization program. The 18 ponds were fertilized as follows in 1968: 6 unfertilized controls, 6 low fertility (.75 mg. P/1) and 6 high fertility (75 mg. N/1., 7·5 mg. P/1.). The high fertility levels tended to eliminate the benthic plant populations and increase the phytoplankton standing crops. Elodea canadensis grew in the highest nutrient levels but Myriophyllum spicatum var. exalbescens and Ceratophyllum demersum appeared to be eliminated. Potamogeton crispus produced an abundance of winter buds under conditions of high fertility. There were no obvious differences in the benthic plant and phytoplankton populations among the control and low fertility ponds.Supported by funds from OWRR Title II Matching Grant and the College of Agriculture at Cornell University.     

洪湖主要沉水植物群落的定量分析Ⅲ.金鱼藻+菹草+穗花狐尾藻群落

金鱼藻＋菹草＋穗花狐尾藻群落是洪湖生物量最大的沉水植被类型,在不同的地段存在较大的变化,种类组成复杂,金鱼藻和菹草在不同有季节交替成为群落的优势种。水流是影响不同种群水平分布的主要因素。从水面到水底,植被郁闭度逐步降低。各种对之间不存在显著的联结关系,水流作用及各有关种营养繁殖体的散布方式使得某些种对的生物量分布在一定时期出现显著的相关关系。